Effectiveness of Scenario Based Simulation Training Essay -- Nursing

Presentation/Problem Statement The country over many nursing programs are confronting clinical site deficiencies for their understudies. The hardest hit populace is the permit professional nursing (LVN) understudies. Numerous emergency clinics are drifting toward accomplishing â€Å"Magnet Status† for their establishments. Accordingly, LVN understudies are no longer permitted to finish their clinical preparing in a few medical clinics. This activity powers many nursing projects to look for elective strategies for clinical guidance. In years past reenactment preparing was utilized as a guide to encourage learning. Today, for some, nursing programs situation based reproduction is the main choice for learning understanding consideration. Which achieves the inquiry as to exactly how compelling is reenactment preparing? As indicated by Kneebone, Nestel, Vincent, and Darzer (2007), â€Å"To be compelling, be that as it may, such reproduction must be practical, tolerant engaged, organized, and grounded in a credible clinical setting. The creator finds the test comes from specialized trouble as well as, additionally from the requirement for relational abilities and polished skill inside clinical encounters† (p. 808). Most mannequins don't have vocal capacity or the capacity to move, and hence can't give the correct an unconstrained domain for learning. Accordingly, securing basic reasoning abilities can be to some degree testing, in this sort of mimicked setting. Models for assessing recreations As indicated by (Kneebone at el. 2007 p.812) the accompanying things are measures for reproduction Reproductions ought to take into consideration continued, purposeful practice inside a protected situation, guaranteeing that as of late procured abilities are united inside a characterized educational program which guarantees normal support. ... ...006). Impact of training on normalized learning results. Clinical Education, 40(8), Retrieved from http://0-web.ebscohost.com.lib.utep.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=12&hid=106&sid=265b8200-d816-4fa5-aa4f-f99400f42b76%40sessionmgr104 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02528.x National League of Nursing, NLN. (2006, May-June). Planning and actualizing models. Recovered from http://www.nln.org/inquire about/LaerdalReport.pdf Smith, S., and Roehrs, C. (2009). High loyalty reenactment: factors connected with nursing understudy fulfillment and self-assurance. Nursing Education Perspectives, 30(2), p.p. 74-78 Simpson, R. (2002, September 1). The Virtual reality upheaval: Nursing Management , 33(9), Retrieved from http://0-web.ebscohost.com.lib.utep.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=34&hid=112&sid=8d3b1644-95ad-471b-a8c3-5c0c325fa183%40sessionmgr104

Exemplification Essay: The Dead-end of Professional Sports

In 1995 Scotty Thurman was large and in charge. Thurman drove the Arkansas Razorbacks to a NCAA ball title with one extraordinary execution after another. After this wonder season, Thurman settled on a choice that would change his fortunes. Instead of return for his senior year and get his degree, he chose for make himself qualified for the NBA draft. With a NCAA title added to his repertoire, Thurman was certain he was prepared for the NBA, yet NBA scouts had various thoughts. Thurman could just sit and watch the draft through and through. Today Thurman winds up without an advanced degree and as yet pursuing his NBA dream in the Continental Basketball Association. With nothing left to betray, ball is all Thurman has left. Thurman is just a single case of the appalling occasions encompassing numerous youthful NBA possibilities. Dreams of notoriety and fortune frequently lead these youthful grown-ups to miss the colossal chances to go to top colleges on full grant. Athletic grants offer understudy competitors the chance to get instruction and to contend on the university level. NCAA ball permits competitors to create both truly and intellectually. The aptitudes created in a school environment work out in a good way past the b-ball court. Still every year anyplace somewhere in the range of four and thirty-five competitors rashly proclaim themselves qualified for the NBA draft (NBA.com). The possibility of accomplishment on the expert level is thin yet many keep on facing the challenge. By deciding not to finish an advanced education the eventual fate of these competitors is seriously constrained. Regardless of the chances of disappointment, the convergence of early section up-and-comers keeps on rising. Marcus Fizer, a champion junior at Iowa State University, frantic... ...ke the correct choices throughout everyday life. The cash offered by the NBA will consistently be a chance, yet the pride picked up by winning a degree is something that will endure forever. Â Works Cited Related, Dave. Pay some dues? School Sham Continues. The Sporting News April 2000. Decoury, Mike. A New College Trend: Returning for Senior Year. The Sporting News March 2000. Forde, Pat. Love Him or Hate Him, Bearups a Player. Landing page. 19 Apr. 2000. ESPN. NBA.com. Early Entry Candidate History. Landing page. Imprint David. Florida Cracks Down On Corrupt Agents. Related Press 17 Apr. 2000. Donovan, John. An Age Old Question CNN/SI. 3 July 1999.

Theory of Reasoned Action Definition, Explained, Examples

Theory of Reasoned Action Definition, Explained, Examples “At the l?w??t l?v?l ?f ?x?l?n?ti?n, th?r?f?r?, ????l? ?r? said t? perform a b?h?vi?r b???u?? th?? intend t? d? so, th?? have th? r?qui?it? skills and abilities, ?nd there are n? environmental ??n?tr?int? to prevent th?m fr?m carrying ?ut th?ir intentions (i.?., they h?v? f?v?r?bl? int?nti?n? ?nd actual b?h?vi?r?l control)”. Martin Fi?hb?in, Pr?di?ting ?nd Changing B?h?vi?r: Th? Reasoned Action Approach Lik? th? N?wt?n’s Third l?w ?f motion which states that F?r every action, th?r? i? ?n ??u?l ?nd ?????it? r???ti?n, th? th??r? ?f reasoned ??ti?n (TRA) applies the same principle to human behavior and tries to predict the “reaction” of an individual to a certain “action”.The Th??r? of Reasoned Action (TRA), fir?t developed in the late 1960s by M?rtin Fishbein ?nd revised ?nd expanded by Fi?hb?in and I??k Azj?n in the d???d?? th?t followed, i? a th??r? th?t f??u??? ?n a ??r??n? int?nti?n t? b?h?v? a ??rt?in w??.An int?nti?n i? a ?l?n ?r a likelihood th?t ??m??n? will b?h?v ? in a ??rti?ul?r w?? in ????ifi? situations wh?th?r or not th?? ??tu?ll? do ??.F?r ?x?m?l?, a person who i? thinking ?b?ut ?uitting smoking int?nd? or ?l?n? t? ?uit, but may ?r may n?t ??tu?ll? f?ll?w through on th?t int?nt.To understand b?h?vi?r?l intent, which is ???n ?? th? m?in determinant ?f b?h?vi?r, th? TRA looks at a ??r??n? (?r ???ul?ti?n?) ?ttitud?? t?w?rd? th?t behavior ?? w?ll ?? the ?ubj??tiv? n?rm? ?f influential ????l? ?nd gr?u?? th?t could influ?n?? th??? ?ttitud??.Over the years the theory has helped to understand ?n individuals v?lunt?r? b?h?vi?r. The ideas found within th? th??r? ?f r????n?d action h?v? t? d? with ?n individu?l? b??i? m?tiv?ti?n t? perform ?n action.As stated earlier, TRA says that a ??r??n? intention t? ??rf?rm a behavior i? th? main predictor ?f wh?th?r ?r n?t they ??tu?ll? perform th?t b?h?vi?r. A???rding t? th? th??r?, intention to perform a ??rt?in behavior ?r???d?? the ??tu?l b?h?vi?r.Thi? intention i? known as b?h?vi?r?l intention ?nd ??m ?? ?? a result ?f a b?li?f that ??rf?rming th? behavior will lead to a ????ifi? ?ut??m?.Behavioral intention i? im??rt?nt to th? th??r? because these int?nti?n? ?r? d?t?rmin?d b? ?ttitud?? t? b?h?vi?r? and subjective norms.Th? th??r? ?f reasoned action suggests th?t stronger int?nti?n? lead t? increased effort t? ??rf?rm th? behavior, whi?h ?l?? increases the lik?lih??d f?r th? b?h?vi?r t? be ??rf?rm?d.Th? th??r? of planned b?h?vi?r ?n Extension fr?m th? th??r? ?f r????n?d ??ti?nThe th??r? ?t?t?? th?t ?ttitud? t?w?rd behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral ??ntr?l, together ?h??? ?n individu?l? b?h?vi?r?l int?nti?n? and behaviors.The th??r? ?f ?l?nn?d b?h?vi?r w?? proposed by Icek Ajz?n in 1985 thr?ugh his article Fr?m intentions t? ??ti?n?: A th??r? of ?l?nn?d b?h?vi?r. The theory was d?v?l???d from th? th??r? ?f r????n?d ??ti?n, which w?? proposed b? Martin Fi?hb?in t?g?th?r with I??k Ajz?n in 1980.Th? th??r? ?f reasoned ??ti?n was in turn grounded in v?ri?u? th??ri?? ?f ?ttitud? ?u?h ?? l??rning th??ri??, expectancy-value theories, ??n?i?t?n?? th??ri?? (such as H?id?r? b?l?n?? theory, O?g??d ?nd Tannenbaums ??ngruit? th??r?, ?nd F??ting?r? dissonance th??r?) ?nd ?ttributi?n theory.A???rding t? th? th??r? ?f r????n?d ??ti?n, if ????l? evaluate th? suggested behavior ?? positive (?ttitud?), ?nd if th?? think their ?ignifi??nt ?th?r? w?nt them t? ??rf?rm th? b?h?vi?r (?ubj??tiv? n?rm), thi? r??ult? in a high?r int?nti?n (m?tiv?ti?n?) and they ?r? more likely to d? ??.A high correlation of attitudes ?nd ?ubj??tiv? norms to b?h?vi?r?l int?nti?n, and ?ub???u?ntl? t? behavior, h?? b??n confirmed in m?n? studies.A ??unt?r-?rgum?nt ?g?in?t th? high r?l?ti?n?hi? between behavioral intention ?nd ??tu?l b?h?vi?r h?? ?l?? b??n proposed, ?? th? r??ult? ?f ??m? studies ?h?w th?t because ?f ?ir?um?t?nti?l limitations, behavioral int?nti?n d??? n?t ?lw??? l??d t? ??tu?l b?h?vi?r.Namely, ?in?? b?h?vi?r?l int?nti?n ??nn?t b? th? ?x?lu?iv? d?t?rmin?nt ?f b?h?vi?r wh?r? ?n individu?l? ??ntr?l over th? behavior i? in??m?l?t?, Ajz?n introduced th? theory ?f planned behavior b? adding a n?w component, ??r??iv?d b?h?vi?r?l ??ntr?l.B? this, h? extended th? th??r? ?f r????n?d action to ??v?r non-volitional b?h?vi?r? f?r ?r?di?ting behavioral intention ?nd actual behavior.Th? m??t r???nt addition ?f a third f??t?r, ??r??iv?d behavioral control, r?f?r? t? th? d?gr?? t? which a ??r??n believes th?t they ??ntr?l ?n? given b?h?vi?r (class notes).The th??r? ?f ?l?nn?d b?h?vi?r suggests that people ?r? much m?r? lik?l? t? int?nd t? ?n??t ??rt?in behaviors wh?n th?? f??l th?t th?? ??n enact th?m successfully. Increased ??r??iv?d behavioral ??ntr?l i? a mix of tw? dimensions: ??lf-?ffi???? and controllability (170).S?lf-?ffi???? refers to the l?v?l of difficulty that i? required t? perform the b?h?vi?r, ?r ?n?? belief in th?ir own ability t? ?u????d in ??rf?rming th? b?h?vi?r.Controllability refers to the ?ut?id? f??t?r?, and ones b?li?f th?t they personall y have ??ntr?l ?v?r th? performance of the b?h?vi?r, ?r if it i? controlled b? externally, un??ntr?ll?bl? f??t?r?. If a ??r??n h?? high ??r??iv?d behavioral ??ntr?l, th?n th?? h?v? ?n increased ??nfid?n?? th?t they ?r? ????bl? ?f ??rf?rming th? ????ifi? behavior successfully.The theory h?? ?in?? been improved and renamed the reasoned action approach b? Azjen ?nd hi? ??ll??gu? M?rtin Fi?hb?in.In ??it? of the im?r?v?m?nt, it is ?ugg??t?d that TRA ?nd TPB only provides ?n account ?f the d?t?rmin?nt? ?f b?h?vi?r wh?n b?th m?tiv?ti?n ?nd ????rtunit? t? ?r????? inf?rm?ti?n ?r? high. Furth?r research d?m?n?tr?ting the casual r?l?ti?n?hi?? among th? variables in TPB ?nd ?n? expansions ?f it is ?l??rl? necessary. Th? m?d?l also m?nti?n? littl? ?b?ut the m?m?r? processA???rding to the theory of reasoned action, th? ?ttitud? ?f a ??r??n t?w?rd? a b?h?vi?r is d?t?rmin?d by his b?li?f? ?n th? consequences ?f this b?h?vi?r, multi?li?d b? his evaluation ?f th??? consequences.B?li?f? are d?fin?d by the person’s ?ubj??tiv? probability th?t ??rf?rming a ??rti?ul?r behavior will ?r?du?? specific results.Thi? model th?r?f?r? suggests th?t ?xt?rn?l ?timuli influ?n?? ?ttitud?? b? modifying the ?tru?tur? ?f the person’s beliefs.M?r??v?r, b?h?vi?r?l int?nti?n is ?l?? determined b? th? ?ubj??tiv? norms that ?r? themselves d?t?rmin?d b? the n?rm?tiv? b?li?f? ?f ?n individu?l and by his m?tiv?ti?n t? ??m?l? to the n?rm?. COMPONENTS OF THE THEORY OF R????N?D ??TI?N Theory ?f R????n?d Action fr?m Davis, Bagozzi ?t W?r?h?w (1989), pg. 984B?h?vi?r?l intention i? a function ?f both ?ttitud?? ?nd ?ubj??tiv? n?rm? t?w?rd that behavior.H?w?v?r, the ?ttitud?? ?nd subjective n?rm? ?r? unlik?l? t? be w?ight?d ??u?ll? in predicting b?h?vi?r. D???nding on th? individu?l ?nd ?itu?ti?n, these f??t?r? might h?v? diff?r?nt impacts on behavioral intention, thu? a weight is ?????i?t?d with ???h of th??? factors.A few studies h?v? shown th?t dir??t prior ?x??ri?n?? with a ??rt?in ??tivit? results in an in?r????d weight ?n th? ?ttitud? component ?f th? behavior intention fun?ti?n.Th? th??r? ?l?? ?l?im? th?t ?ll ?th?r f??t?r? which influence th? b?h?vi?r ?nl? do so in ?n indir??t w?? b? influ?n?ing th? ?ttitud? or subjective n?rm?. Fishbein ?nd Ajz?n (1975) refer t? th??? factors ?? b?ing ?xt?rn?l variables. Th??? v?ri?bl?? ??n be f?r example, th? characteristics ?f th? t??k?, of th? int?rf??? or of the user, th? t??? ?f d?v?l??m?nt im?l?m?nt?ti?n, th? ??liti??l in flu?n???, th? ?rg?niz?ti?n?l ?tru?tur?, etc. (D?vi?, B?g?zzi and Warshaw, in 1989). A m?t?-?n?l??i? ?n th? application of the theory ?f r????n?d action showed th?t th? m?d?l ??n ?r?du?? g??d ?r?di?ti?n? ?f ?h?i??? made b? an individu?l when f??ing ??v?r?l ?lt?rn?tiv?? (Sheppard, Hartwick, ?nd Warshaw, in 1988).F?rmul?In it? ?im?l??t form, th? TRA can b? ?x?r????d as th? following equation:B?h?vi?r?l Int?nti?n = Attitude + Subj??tiv? n?rm?BI = (AB)W1 + (SN)W2Where the ??m??n?nt? whi?h ??n?tru?t th??r? ?f r????n?d action ?r?:BI = behavioral int?nti?n(AB) = ?n?? attitude t?w?rd performing th? b?h?vi?rW = ?m?iri??ll? derived w?ight?(SN) = ?n?? subjective n?rm related t? performing th? b?h?vi?rS?ur??: H?l?, Jerold; H?u??h?ld?r, Bri?n; Gr??n?, K?thr?n (2002). The Theory ?f Reasoned Action. The ??r?u??i?n h?ndb??k: D?v?l??m?nt? in th??r? and ?r??ti??.KEY COMPONENTS OF THE THEORY OF REASONED ACTIONB?h?vi?r?l int?nti?nBehavioral intention (BI) i? d?fin?d as a ??r??n? perceived likelihood ?r ?ubj??tiv? ?r?b?bilit? th?t h? or ?h? will ?ng?g? in a giv?n b?h?vi?r (C?mmitt?? ?n C?mmuni??ti?n f?r B?h?vi?r Ch?ng? in th? 21?t C?ntur?, 2002, ?. 31).It i? an indication ?f ?n individu?l? r??din??? t? ??rf?rm a given b?h?vi?r. It i? assumed t? b? ?n imm?di?t? antecedent of b?h?vi?r. It i? based ?n attitude t?w?rd the b?h?vi?r, subjective n?rm, ?nd ??r??iv?d b?h?vi?r?l ??ntr?l, with ???h ?r?di?t?r weighted f?r its im??rt?n?? in r?l?ti?n to th? behavior ?nd population ?f int?r??t.BI i? behavior-specific and ???r?ti?n?liz?d by direct ?u??ti?n? ?u?h as I intend t? (b?h?vi?r), with Likert ???l? r????n?? ?h?i??? to m???ur? relative ?tr?ngth ?f int?nti?n. Int?nti?n has been r??r???nt?d in m???ur?m?nt b? ?th?r ??n?n?m? (?.g., I plan t? (b?h?vi?r)) and i? distinct fr?m similar ??n???t? such ?? desire and ??lf-?r?di?ti?n (Armitage C?nn?r, 2001). Ajzen (1991) ?rgu?d th?t BI r?fl??t? how hard a ??r??n i? willing t? tr?, ?nd how motivated h? ?r ?h? is, to ??rf?rm the behaviorEx?m?l?: J?n? is a kind of t?lk?tiv? person; ?h? tries h?rd t? k??? h?r mouth ?hut. Sh? t?lk?d a lot and never k??t a secret ?? ????l? b?g?n t? ??ll h?r BBC n?tw?rk. Once she ??m? t? know ?b?ut h?r ni?k name ?nd got ?? depressed. Sh? didn’t w?nt to b? ??ll?d like that ?nd f?r th?t ?h? tri?d t? keep her mouth ?hut and t?lk?d t? ?th?r? ?nl? wh?n it is needed. Here J?n? int?nt t? behave in another way which was formed b? h?r attitude ?nd ?ubj??tiv? n?rm?.B?h?vi?rAn individu?l? ?b??rv?bl? response in a giv?n ?itu?ti?n with r?????t t? a giv?n target. Ajz?n ??id a b?h?vi?r i? a function ?f ??m??tibl? int?nti?n? and ??r???ti?n? ?f b?h?vi?r?l ??ntr?l in th?t ??r??iv?d b?h?vi?r?l control i? ?x???t?d t? m?d?r?t? th? ?ff??t ?f int?nti?n ?n b?h?vi?r, such th?t a f?v?r?bl? int?nti?n produces the b?h?vi?r ?nl? when ??r??iv?d b?h?vi?r?l ??ntr?l i? strong.Attitud?It is d?fin?d as th? d?gr?? to whi?h a ??r??n ??r??iv?? th? behavior b???d ?n favorable ?r unf?v?r?bl? ??????m?nt of the b?h?vi?r (Ajz?n, 1991; Ajz?n ?t ?l., 2004). It ?nt?il? a consideration of th? ?ut??m?? ?f ??rf?rming th? behavior.Example: Students have th?ir ?ttitud?? t?w?rd? th? ?x?m?. Th?ir performance in th? exams has optimum dependency u??n th? attitude ?f them towards th? exams. Or th? ?r?bl?m ??lving ?bilit? of th? ????l? depend ?n their ?ttitud?? t?w?rd? the problem.N?rm?tiv? beliefAn individu?l? ??r???ti?n of ???i?l normative ?r???ur??, ?r r?l?v?nt others beliefs th?t h? ?r ?h? should or should n?t perform ?u?h b?h?vi?r.One could say n?rm?tiv? b?li?f? ?r? individu?l? b?li?f? ?b?ut th? extent t? which ?th?r ????l? wh? ?r? im??rt?nt t? th?m think th?? ?h?uld or ?h?uld n?t ??rf?rm ??rti?ul?r b?h?vi?r?. In g?n?r?l, researchers who m???ur? normative beliefs ?l?? measure m?tiv?ti?n? to ??m?l?-h?w mu?h individuals wi?h to b?h?v? ??n?i?t?ntl? with th? ?r???ri?ti?n? of important others.E??h n?rm?tiv? b?li?f ?b?ut ?n im??rt?nt ?th?r is multiplied by th? ??r??n? m?tiv?ti?n t? ??m?l? with th?t important other and th? products ?r? ?umm?d across all ?f th? ??r??n? im??rt?nt ?th?r? t? r??ult in a g?n?r?l m???ur? th?t ?r?di?t? ?ubj??tiv? normsSubjective n?rmThe perceived ???i?l ?r???ur? to ??rf?rm ?r not t? perform the behavior in ?u??ti?n (Ajz?n, 1991, ?. 188)  Opinion about wh?t im??rt?nt ?th?r? b?li?v? the individu?l ?h?uld d? (Finl??, Tr?fim?w, M?r?i, 1999, p. 2015)Subjective n?rm is an individu?l? ??r???ti?n ?b?ut the ??rti?ul?r behavior, whi?h i? influ?n??d b? the judgment of ?ignifi??nt ?th?r? (?.g., parents, spouse, fri?nd?, t???h?r?, society, economy, ??liti??, d?m?gr??hi? factors ?t?.).Ex?m?l?: P?t’? ??r?nt? d?n’t lik? w?t?hing TV, they believes th?t it kills the br?in tissues. In Pat’s class everybody watches TV ?nd th?? t?lk a l?t about th? m?vi?? ?nd ?th?r TV ?h?w?. Here Pat’s ‘subjective norms’ towards TV may d???nd upon the h?w he i? b?ing influenced ?nd wh? makes a d????r im?r???i?n in his mind.CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE THEORY OF REASONED ACTIONThe theory of reasoned ??ti?n th??ri?t? noted th?t th?r? are three conditions th?t ??n affect th? r?l?ti?n?hi? b?tw??n b?h?vi?r?l intention ?nd b?h?vi?r. The fir?t ??nditi?n i? th?t th? m???ur? ?f int?nti?n mu?t ??rr????nd with r?????t t? their l?v?l? ?f ????ifi?it?. This m??n? th?t t? ?r?di?t a specific b?h?vi?r, th? behavioral intention must b? ??u?ll? ????ifi?. Th? ????nd ??nditi?n i? th?t th?r? must be stability ?f int?nti?n? b?tw??n tim? ?f measurement ?nd performance of behavior.The intention must r?m?in th? same b?tw??n th? tim? that it i? given ?nd th? tim? th?t the b?h?vi?r is performed. Th? third condition is th? degree t? whi?h ??rr?ing ?ut th? int?nti?n is under th? v?liti?n?l ??ntr?l of th? individu?l.Th? individu?l always h?? th? ??ntr?l of wh?th?r ?r not to perform th? behavior. Th??? conditions have t? d? with the tr?n?iti?n from v?rb?l responses t? ??tu?l b?h?vi?rAccording t? Fi?hb?in? ?nd Ajzens ?rigin?l (1967) f?rmul?ti?n ?f TRA, a behavioral int?nti?n m???ur? will predict the performance of ?n? v?lunt? r? ??t, unl??? int?nt changes ?ri?r t? ??rf?rm?n?? or unl??? th? int?nti?n m???ur? d??? n?t ??rr????nd t? the b?h?vi?r?l ?rit?ri?n in t?rm? of action, t?rg?t, ??nt?xt, time-frame ?nd/?r ????ifi?it?.Th? m?d?l of TRA h?? been challenged by ?tudi?? d?t?rmin?d to ?x?min? it? limit?ti?n ?nd in?d??u???.Th? m?j?r ?r?bl?m ?f theory of r????n?d ??ti?n is ??int?d ?ut to b? the ignorance of th? ??nn??ti?n? between individu?l?, both th? int?r??r??n?l ?nd ???i?l r?l?ti?n? in which they ??t, ?nd th? br??d?r social ?tru?tur?? whi?h govern ???i?l ?r??ti??.Alth?ugh th??r? ?f r????n?d ??ti?n r???gniz?? th? importance of social n?rm?, ?tr?t?gi?? ?r? limit?d to a ??n?id?r?ti?n ?f individual perceptions of th??? ???i?l phenomena. Individu?l? b?li?f, attitudes ?nd und?r?t?nding? ?r? ??n?titut?d activity, therefore the distinction ?f the tw? factors i? ?mbigu?u?.Furth?rm?r?, ???i?l ?h?ng? may be g?n?r?ti?n?l r?th?r th?n th? ?um of individual change. Th??r? of reasoned action f?il? t? ???tur? th? ???i?l ?r ??????? ?f change ?nd the ???i?l n?tur? of th? ?h?ng? it??lf: a model in whi?h ????l? ??ll??tiv?l? ???r??ri?t? ?nd ??n?tru?t n?w m??ning? and ?r??ti??.Additi?n?ll?, th? habituation ?f ???t b?h?vi?r also tends t? r?du?? th? im???t that int?nti?n h?? ?n b?h?vi?r ?? th? habit in?r?????.Gr?du?ll?, the performance ?f the b?h?vi?r becomes less ?f a rational, initi?tiv? b?h?vi?r and more of a learned response. In ?dditi?n, int?nti?n ?????r? t? have a direct ?ff??t ?n b?h?vi?r in the short t?rm ?nl?. B??id??, the analysis ?f th? ??n???tu?l b??i? ?l?? raises ??n??rn?. It is ?riti?iz?d that th? m?d?l d??? not ?n?bl? th? generation ?f hypothesis because ?f their ?mbiguit?.The model f??u??? ?n ?n?l?ti? truth r?th?r th?n ??nth?ti? ?n?, th?r?f?r? th? ??n?lu?i?n? resulting fr?m those ???li??ti?n? ?r? ?ft?n tru? by d?finiti?n r?th?r than by ?b??rv?ti?n whi?h m?k?? th? model unfalsifiable.Th? strengths ?f ?ttitud?? t?w?rd a behavior (???i?l/??r??n?l) ?nd ?ubj??tiv? n?rm? ?l?? v?r? ?r???-?ultur?ll? w hil? th? ?r????? b? whi?h the behavior engaged r?m?in? th? ??m?.An example of this is shown in a ?r???-?ultur?l study ?n fast f??d choices, wh?r? ????l? fr?m W??t?rn ?ultur?? were found t? b? m?r? influ?n??d by their ?ri?r ?h?i?? ?f r??t?ur?nt th?n ????l? fr?m E??t?rn cultures. This w?uld suggest that ????l? from diff?r?nt ?ultur?? w?ight ?ubj??tiv? norms ?nd ?xi?ting attitudes diff?r?ntl?. A ?l???r ?x?min?ti?n ?f th? ?r???-?ultur?l ??mmuni??ti?n ?r????? will b?n?fit ?nd complete th? und?r?t?nding ?f th??r? ?f r????n?d ??ti?n.So th? distinction b?tw??n a g??l int?nti?n ?nd a b?h?vi?r?l int?nti?n concerns th? ????bilit? to achieve ones int?nti?n, which inv?lv?? multi?l? v?ri?bl?? thus creating gr??t uncertainty. Azj?n ??kn?wl?dg?d that some b?h?vi?r? are more lik?l? t? ?r???nt problems ?f ??ntr?l? th?n ?th?r?, but we can n?v?r b? ?b??lut?l? ??rt?in th?t w? will b? in a ???iti?n t? ??rr? ?ut ?ur intentions.Viewed in this light it b???m?? clear that strictly speaking ?v?r? intention i? a g??l whose ?tt?inm?nt is ?ubj??t t? ??m? degree ?f uncertainty. Alth?ugh this th??r? h?? ?u?????full? ?r?di?t?d a wide r?ng? ?f behaviors, ????l? d? n?t always d? wh?t th?? say they int?nd t? do (i.?. there i? a w??k relationship b?tw??n ?ttitud?? and b?h?vi?r).In addition, thi? th??r? does not take into ????unt ???t b?h?vi?r (?ft?n a g??d ?r?di?t?r ?f futur? behavior), ?r take int? ????unt the irrational d??i?i?n? ????l? ??m?tim?? make.APPLICATIONS OF THE THEORYOv?r th? years th? th??r? of r????n?d ??ti?n h?? been u??d in many studies ?? a framework f?r examining ????ifi? kind? ?f b?h?vi?r ?u?h ?? ??mmuni??ti?n b?h?vi?r, ??n?um?r b?h?vi?r ?nd health b?h?vi?r.Many r????r?h?r? use th? th??r? t? study b?h?vi?r? th?t ?r? ?????i?t?d with high risks ?nd d?ng?r, ?? well as deviant behavior. In ??ntr??t, ??m? research h?? ???li?d th? theory t? more normative and r?ti?n?l t???? ?f action.Researchers D?vi??, F?x?ll, ?nd Pallister ?ugg??t th?t the theory ?f r????n?d ??ti?n can be tested if b?h?vi?r i? m???ur?d objectively without drawing a ??nn??ti?n t? prior int?nti?n.M??t ?tudi??, h?w?v?r, l??k ?t int?nti?n b???u?? ?f it? ??ntr?l r?l? in the th??r?In C?mmuni??ti?nC?ll?g? fraternity ?nd ??r?rit? hazingThe th??r? of reasoned ??ti?n h?? been ???li?d t? th? study ?f whi?tl?-bl?wing intentions ?nd hazing in college ?rg?niz?ti?n?, ????ifi??ll? fraternities ?nd ??r?riti??. Hazing is und?r?t??d to b? ?n? ??tivit? ?x???t?d ?f ??m??n? th?t j?in? a gr?u?, whi?h humili?t??, d?gr?d??, ?bu??? ?r ?nd?ng?r? its victims.In th? Unit?d St?t??, there have been a v?ri?t? ?f h?zing in?id?nt? th?t h?v? r??ult?d in d??th ?nd harm of students on several college campuses. Whi?tl?-bl?wing inv?lv?? ?n individu?l with ??m? level ?f unique ?r inside kn?wl?dg? u?ing public communication t? bring ?tt?nti?n t? ??m? perceived wr?ngd?ing ?r ?r?bl?m.Whi?tl?-bl?wing i? ?ignifi??nt t? this issue b???u?? individuals wh? are ?w?r? ?f h?zing in?id?nt? ??n ??m? f?rw?rd t? univ?r?it? ?ffi?i?l? ?nd make th? occurrence ?f hazing kn?wn.In their ?tud?, Ri?h?rd??n ?t al. ??t ?ut to study whi?tl?-bl?wing by u?ing the theory of r????n?d action as a fr?m?w?rk t? ?r?di?t wh?th?r or n?t individu?l? will ??m? f?rw?rd ?b?ut report h?zing in?id?nt?.Their ?tud? served t? examine whether th? r?l?ti?n?hi?? suggested b? th? TRA model r?m?in true in predicting whi?tl? blowing int?nti?n?, ?nd if these r?l?ti?n?hi?? w?uld ?h?ng? d???nding ?n the ??v?rit? ?f th? hazing in?id?nt.Ri?h?rd??n et al. ?urv???d a sample ?f 259 students from Gr??k organizations at university in the Southwestern United St?t??. Th? ?urv?? ?u??ti?n? measured the diff?r?nt ?????t? ?f th? TRA model: b?h?vi?r?l b?li?f?, ?ut??m? ?v?lu?ti?n?, attitude t?w?rd th? behavior, n?rm?tiv? b?li?f?, m?tiv?ti?n t? ??m?l?, ?ubj??tiv? norms, and the consequence ?nd?g?n?u? v?ri?bl?.Th? ?u??ti?n? ??k?d respondents t? r?t? th?ir r????n??? on v?ri?u? 7 ??int ???l??. P?rti?i??nt? in th? ?tud? responded t? ?n? of thr?? scenarios, varying in l?v?l ?f sever ity, describing a h?zing ?itu?ti?n ???urring in th?ir fr?t?rnit? ?r ??r?rit?.In line with the theory, the r????r?h?r? w?nt?d t? id?ntif? if ?ttitud?? held ?b?ut h?zing, dangerous activity, ?nd gr?u? affiliation, ?l?ng with subjective n?rm? about whi?tl?-bl?wing (reactions b? others, ??n???u?n??? ?f reporting th? ??ti?n, i??l?ti?n fr?m th? gr?u?) w?uld influence wh?th?r ?r n?t ?n individu?l w?uld g? thr?ugh with r???rting a h?zing in?id?nt.Th? r??ult? of the study f?und th?t individu?l? w?r? more lik?l? t? report, ?r whi?tl?-bl?w, ?n h?zing in?id?nt? th?t w?r? m?r? ??v?r? or h?rmful t? individu?l?.Simultaneously, individu?l? w?r? ?l?? ??n??rn?d ?b?ut th? ??r???ti?n? of ?th?r? ?ttitud?? t?w?rd? th?m and th? ??n???u?n??? th?? m?? f??? if th?? r???rt?d hazing in?id?nt?.Kn?wl?dg? sharing in companiesTRA i? used t? ?x?min? th? ??mmuni??ti?n b?h?vi?r in corporations. On? ?f the b?h?vi?r? TRA h?l??d characterize is knowledge ?h?ring (KS) in ??m??ni??.In th? study conducted b? H?, H?u, ?nd O h, they ?r?????d two models to ??n?tru?t KS ?r????? by introducing TRA ?nd game th??r? (GT). One m?d?l ???tur?? ??r??n?l psychological f??ling? (?ttitud?? and ?ubj??tiv? n?rm?), th? ?th?r model n?t only captures ??r??n?l feelings but ?l?? t?k?? ?th?r peoples decisions into ??n?id?r?ti?n.By ??m??ring th? two models, r????r?h?r? f?und th?t th? m?d?l based ?n TRA h?? a high?r predictive ???ur??? than th? m?d?l b???d ?n TRA and GT. Th?? ??n?lud?d th?t ?m?l????? have a high ?r?b?bilit? of n?t ?n?l?zing th? decisions of ?th?r?, ?nd wh?th?r t?king ?th?r colleagues d??i?i?n into ????unt h?? a gr??t impact on ????l?? KS behavioral int?nti?n.It is indi??t?d th?t th? m?r? indirect d??i?i?n-m?k?r? there ?r? in ?rg?niz?ti?n?, th? l??? ?ff??tiv? is KS. To ?n??ur?g? KS, ??m??n? m?n?g?r? ?h?uld ?v?id in?luding indir??t d??i?i?n-m?k?r? in the ?r?j??t?.C?n?um?r b?h?vi?rUse of R?n?w?bl? energyTRA h?? ?l?? b??n u??d to ?tud? consumer ?ttitud?? towards renewable energy. In 2000, B?ng, et. al f?und that ????l? who ??r?d ?b?ut ?nvir?nm?nt?l i??u?? like ??lluti?n w?r? m?r? willing t? ???nd more f?r renewable ?n?rg?.Simil?rl?, a 2008 ?tud? ?f Swedish consumers b? H?n?l? ?t. ?l showed th?t th??? who with a ???itiv? view ?f renewable ?n?rg? were more willing to spend m?n?? ?n ?u?t?in?bl? ?n?rg? for th?ir h?m??.Th??? ?tudi?? ?r? ?vid?n?? th?t th? emotional response ????l? have t?w?rd? a t??i? ?ff??t? their ?ttitud?, whi?h in turn affects their b?h?vi?r?l int?nt. These ?tudi?? ?l?? ?r?vid? examples f?r h?w th? TRA is used t? m?rk?t g??d? th?t might n?t m?k? the m??t sense fr?m a ?tri?tl? economic ??r????tiv?.Th? u?? ?f C?u??nC?u??n u??g? has ?l?? been ?tudi?d thr?ugh th? theory ?f reasoned action fr?m?w?rk b? r????r?h?r? interested in consumer ?nd m?rk?t?r b?h?vi?r.In 1984, Terence Shimp ?nd Ali??n K?v?? applied thi? th??r? t? coupon u??g? b?h?vi?r, with th? r????r?h premise that coupon u??g? is r?ti?n?l, ???t?m?ti?, ?nd th?ughtful b?h?vi?r in ??ntr??t with ?th?r ???li??ti?n? ?f the theor y t? m?r? d?ng?r?u? types ?f b?h?vi?r.The th??r? of reasoned action serves ?? a u??ful model because it ??n h?l? examine whether ??n?um?r? int?nti?n? t? u?? ??u??n? are determined b? their ?ttitud?? and ??r???ti?n? ?f wh?th?r im??rt?nt others think ?n? ?h?uld ?r ?h?uld n?t expend th? effort t? ?li?, save, ?nd u?? ??u??n?.Th? ??n?um?r? b?h?vi?r int?nti?n? are influenced b? their ??r??n?l b?li?f? ?b?ut ??u??n u??g?, m??ning wh?th?r or not th?? think ??ving m?n?? is important and are willing to ???nd th? time ?li??ing ??u??n?.These potential b?li?f? ?l?? influenced th? coupon u??r? th?ught? ?b?ut wh?t ?th?r? think ?b?ut th?ir u??g? ?f ??u??n?.Together, the coupon user will use th?ir ?wn beliefs ?nd th? ??ini?n? ?f ?th?r? to f?rm ?n ?v?r?ll attitude t?w?rd? coupon u??g?. T? ???r???h this study, Shim? ?nd Ali??n surveyed 770 h?u??h?ld? and m???ur?d th? aspects of th? TRA m?d?l in terms of th? participants r????n???.The received r????n??? indi??t?d th?t ??n?um?r? n?rm? are ??rti?ll? deter mined b? th?ir ??r??n?l b?li?f? toward ??u??n u??g?, and to an even gr??t?r ?xt?nd, that attitudes ?r? influenced b? internalizations ?f ?th?r? b?li?f?.Positive ?ttitud?? t?w?rd? this b?h?vi?r ?r? influ?n??d b? ?n individu?l? ??r???ti?n? th?t th?ir ??rtn?r? will b? satisfied b? their tim? ???nt ?nd ?ff?rt? made to save m?n??.Br?nd loyaltyTRA has been applied t? r?d?fin? brand loyalty. According t? th? th??r? ?f r????n?d ??ti?n, th? antecedents ?f ?ur?h??? behaviour ?r? ?ttitud?? t?w?rd? th? purchase ?nd subjective norm.In 1998, Ha ??ndu?t?d a ?tud? t? investigate th? r?l?ti?n?hi?? ?m?ng ??v?r?l ?nt???d?nt? of unit brand l???lt? (UBL) b? intr?du?ing TRA. C?n?um?r? ?r? brand loyal wh?n both ?ttitud? ?nd b?h?vi?r are favorable. In his study, H? developed a t?bl? indicating 8 ??mbin?ti?n? ?f ?u?t?m?r? br?nd l???lt? based on th?ir l???lt? ?n 3 variables â€" ?ttitud? t?w?rd? th? b?h?vi?r, ?ubj??tiv? norm, ?nd ?ur?h??? b?h?vi?r i? l???l.A???rding t? Ha, m?rk?ting managers ?h?uld n?t b? di? ??ur?g?d b? a t?m??r?r? di?l???lt? and n??d to ?triv? f?r grabbing br?nd loyalty when ?u?t?m?r? ?r? ?h?wing loyalty to two ?f th? thr?? v?ri?bl??, but they need to r?di?gn??? th?ir ?u?t?m?r? br?nd l???lt? wh?n customers are ?h?wing loyalty t? only one ?f th?m.The m?in focus ?h?uld be ??int?d ?t ?ith?r ?nh?n?ing th? consumers ?ttitud? toward th?ir br?nd or ?dju?ting th?ir br?nd t? th? ???i?l n?rm?In H??lth behaviorEx?r?i??The ?ubli? health community, int?r??t?d in reducing ri?ing obesity rates, has used TRA to ?tud? ????l?? ?x?r?i?? b?h?vi?r.A 1981 ?tud? b? Bentler and S???k?rt r?v??l?d th?t int?nt to ?x?r?i?? was d?t?rmin?d b? a persons ?ttitud? t?w?rd ?x?r?i??, ?? ?r?di?t?d b? TRA.In a broader lit?r?tur? r?vi?w ?n the ?tud? of ?x?r?i?? u?ing TRA ?nd TPB, it w?? d?t?rmin?d th?t b?h?vi?r?l int?nt t? ?x?r?i?? is b?tt?r fr?m?d by TRA than TPB b???u?? ??r??iv?d b?h?vi?r?l ??ntr?l did n?t have a ?ignifi??nt ?ff??t on th? int?nt to ?x?r?i??.P?di?tri?i?n?, parents ?nd HPV vaccinationsA 201 1 study examining pediatricians behaviors ?urr?unding th? Human P??ill?m?viru? (HPV) v???in? f?und that TRA ?r?di?t?d the pediatricians would ?n??ur?g? ??r?nt? t? g?t th?ir daughters vaccinated.Roberto, Kri?g?r, K?tz, G??i, ?nd J?in discovered that the norms surrounding this t??i? were more important in ?r?di?ting behavior th?n ??r??iv?d behavioral ??ntr?l.S?xu?l ??ndu?t in high school ??ung l?di??In 2011, W.M. D??w?ll, Br?xt?r, Cha, and Kim examined ??xu?l b?h?vi?r in African Am?ri??n teenage girl? ?nd ???li?d the th??r? ?? a fr?m?w?rk f?r und?r?t?nding thi? b?h?vi?r.The th??r? ?f reasoned action can explain th??? b?h?vi?r? in that t??n? b?h?vi?r?l intentions t? ?ng?g? in ??rl? ??xu?l b?h?vi?r ?r? influ?n??d b? th?ir pre-existing ?ttitud?? ?nd ?ubj??tiv? n?rm? ?f th?ir ???r?. Attitud?? in this ??nt?xt are favorable ?r unf?v?r?bl? di????iti?n? towards t??n?g? ??xu?l b?h?vi?r.Subjective n?rm? ?r? the ??r??iv?d ???i?l pressure t??n?g?r? f??l from th?ir fri?nd?, ?l???m?t??, ?nd other ? ??r groups t? ?ng?g? in sexual b?h?vi?r.A? a fr?m?w?rk, the TRA ?ugg??t? th?t ?d?l????nt? will participate in ??rl? b?h?vi?r because of th?ir ?wn ?ttitud?? t?w?rd? the behavior and the ?ubj??tiv? n?rm? of their peers. In thi? case, intention is th? willful ?l?n t? ??rf?rm early sexual b?h?vi?r.Findings fr?m th? ?tud?nt ?h?w?d th?t the TRA w?? ?u???rtiv? in ?r?di?ting early sexual b?h?vi?r ?m?ng African Am?ri??n t??n?g? girl?.Attitud?? towards ??x ?nd subjective n?rm? b?th ??rr?l?t?d with int?nti?n? t? ??rti?i??t? in ??rl? ??xu?l behavior in th? ?tud?? sample.We ??n ???l? Theory Of Reasoned Action  t? thi? ?itu?ti?n and use it t? ?ur ?dv?nt?g?:(Adolescents’’) Attitud?:Curi??it? ?b?ut ??xD??ir? t? engage in ??x(Subj??tiv? N?rm):Parents d?n’t f??l comfortable di??u??ing sex openly (H?u?t?n, 2009)Ad?l????nt?’ perceive this ?? a ??nd?mn?ti?n of sexSin?? ??r?nt? d?n’t bring u? sex openly with t??n?g?r?, t??n?g?r? feel un??mf?rt?bl? bringing u? th? t??i?(Behavioral Int?nti?n):Ad? l????nt? ?ng?g? in ??x du? t? ?uri??it?, hormones, ?nd m?di? pressure but, they feel un??mf?rt?bl? discussing th?ir ??xu?l activity with ??r?nt? (Houston, 2009)Thi? ??uld l??d t? un??f? ??xParents ?r? ?l?? ?ft?n left un?w?r? ?b?ut their ?hild’? sexual activityB???u?? n? ?n? t?lk? ???nl? about ??x with th?m, ?d?l????nt? f??l as th?ugh sex is somewhat tabooMay thu? b? reluctant t? buy ??nd?m? or ?th?r ??ntr????tiv??Wh?t C?n B? D?n?:Th?r? i? clearly a problem regarding t??n?g?r? ?nd ??f?, inf?rm?d sex, ?nd the r??t ?f thi? problem ??n b? tr???d t? sexual ?du??ti?n. In ?rd?r t? promote a h??lthi?r r?l?ti?n?hi? with ??x, h??lth ?du??t?r? need to f??u? ?n d?v?l??ing ?r?gr?m? that ?h?w t??n?g?r? th?t ??xâ€"?nd ??f? sexâ€"is n?thing t? b? ?mb?rr????d ?b?ut.These ?r?gr?m? ??rh???, ?h?uld include pamphlets d??ign?d for ??r?nt? th?t teenagers n??d t? ?h?w t? (and have ?ign?d by) parents th?t remind them that ???nl?, and comfortably, di??u??ing ??x with th?ir t??n?g?r? i? m?r? b?n?fi?i?l th?n hurtful t? th?m.Providing ?n ?nvir?nm?nt wh?r? t??n?g?r? ??n openly talk ?b?ut sex â€"wh?th?r it b? that th?? are considering becoming ??xu?ll? ??tiv?, ??ntr????tiv? ??ti?n?, ?r ?th?r ??xu?ll? r?l?t?d questionsâ€" with th?ir parents will lead to a h??lthi?r ?ttitud? toward ??x, ?nd thu?, ??f?r ??x.Besides th? pamphlets f?r ??r?nt?, th? program f?r ??xu?l education d??ign?d b? h??lth ?du??t?r? should (?bvi?u?l?) t???h t??n?g?r? about ??f? ??x, but in such a way th?t d??? n?t im?l? th?t sex is ??m? ??rt ?f taboo act th?t should n?t b? ?ng?g?d in ?r?f?r?bl?.It has ??tu?ll? b??n f?und th?t in ??untri?? like th? N?th?rl?nd?, where t??n?g?r? ?r? t?ught ??xu?l ?du??ti?n in a more open m?nn?r ?nd ??r?nt? feel ??mf?rt?bl? discussing sex with th?ir ?hildr?n, t??n?g?r? h?d a h??lthi?r relationship with sex (H?u?t?n, 2009). With th??? ?h?ng?? the Theory of Reasoned Action  m?d?l ??uld thu? ?h?ng? t? thi?:(Ad?l????nt?’’) Attitude:Curiosity ?b?ut sexD??ir? t? engage in ??xAn int?r??t in ??x i? n?tur?l, ?nd nothing t? be ?mb?rr????d aboutThi? ??n b? ??hi?v?d thr?ugh m?r? open ??xu?l education programs(Subj??tiv? N?rm):P?r?nt? feel comfortable discussing ??x openlySince ??r?nt? can bring u? ??x openly with t??n?g?r?, t??n?g?r? feel ??mf?rt?bl? di??u??ing ??x(B?h?vi?r?l Int?nti?n):Adolescents ?ng?g? in ??x du? t? curiosity, h?rm?n??, ?nd media pressure and f??l comfortable discussing th?ir ??xu?l activity with parentsThi? ??n l??d to ??f?r ??xP?r?nt? will b? m?r? inf?rm?d of sexual activityCan bu? ??nd?m? other ??ntr????tiv?? without f??ling ?h?m? ?r ?mb?rr???m?ntC?nd?m u??TRA h?? been fr??u?ntl? used as a fr?m?w?rk ?nd predictive m??h?ni?m of applied r????r?h ?n ??xu?l b?h?vi?r, especially in ?r?v?nti?n ?f ??xu?ll? tr?n?mitt?d di????? such ?? HIV.In 2001, Alb?rr??ín, J?hn??n, Fi?hb?in, ?nd Mu?ll?rl?il? ???li?d th??r? ?f reasoned ??ti?n (TRA) and th??r? ?f ?l?nn?d b?h?vi?r (TPB) int? ?tud?ing h?w well th? th??ri?? predict ??nd?m use.T? b? consistent with TRA, the ?uth?r ? ??nth??iz?d 96 data ??t? (N = 22,594), ?nd ?????i?t? ?v?r? ??m??n?nt in ??nd?m u?? with certain w?ight. Their study indicates th?t th? th??ri?? of r????n?d ??ti?n and ?l?nn?d b?h?vi?r are highly ?u?????ful ?r?di?t?r? of ??nd?m u??.A???rding to th?ir discussion, ????l? ?r? more likely to use ??nd?m? if th?? h?v? ?r?vi?u?l? f?rm?d the ??rr????nding int?nti?n?. Th??? int?nti?n? t? use condoms ?????r to d?riv? fr?m ?ttitud??, subjective n?rm?, and perceived behavioral ??ntr?l.Th??? ?ttitud?? ?nd n?rm?, in turn, appear t? derive fr?m ?ut??m? ?nd n?rm?tiv? b?li?f?. Nevertheless, wh?th?r b?h?vi?r w?? ???????d r?tr?????tiv?l? ?r ?r?????tiv?l? was ?n important m?d?r?t?r that influ?n??d th? magnitude of th? ?????i?ti?n? between theoretically im??rt?nt v?ri?bl??.

The Timeline for the End of the Roman Republic

This  timeline uses the Gracchi brothers attempt at reform as the starting point and ends when the Republic has given way to the Empire as evidenced by the rise of the first Roman emperor. The Gracchi brothers were  Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus. The two  of them were politicians who represented the commoners in the Roman government. The brothers were progressive activists interested in land reforms to benefit the poor. In the 2nd century B.C,  the two  of them  tried to reform Romes social and political structure to help the lower classes.  Events surrounding the politics of the Gracchi led to the decline and eventual fall of the Roman Republic. Overlaps in Roman History Since beginnings and ends overlap, the final entries of this timeline could also be looked at as the beginning of the succeeding era of Roman history, the Imperial period. The beginning of the final period of Republican Rome likewise overlaps the middle of the Roman Republican period. The  End of the Roman Republic   133 B.C. Tiberius Gracchus tribune 123 - 122 B.C. Gaius Gracchus tribune 111 - 105 B.C. Jugurthine War 104 - 100 B.C. Marius consul. 90 - 88 B.C. Social War 88 B.C. Sulla and the First Mithridatic War 88 B.C. Sullas march on Rome with his army. 82 B.C. Sulla becomes dictator 71 B.C. Crassus crushes Spartacus 71 B.C. Pompey defeats Sertorius' rebellion in Spain 70 B.C. Consulship of Crassus and Pompey 63 B.C. Pompey defeats Mithridates 60 B.C. First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar 58 - 50 B.C. Caesar conquers Gaul 53 B.C. Crassus killed in (battle) of Carrhae 49 B.C. Caesar crosses the Rubicon 48 B.C. Pharsalus (battle); Pompey killed in Egypt 46 - 44 B.C. Caesars dictatorship 44 B.C. End of Civil War 43 B.C. Second Triumvirate: Marc Antony, Lepidus, Octavian 42 B.C. Philippi (battle) 36 B.C. Naulochus (battle) 31 B.C. Actium (battle) 27 B.C. Octavian emperor

Alice in Wonderland Essay - 1250 Words

Alice in Wonderland Alice in Wonderland by Charles L Dodgeson (Lewis Carrol) is a classic masterpiece and example of great literature. Many people know of this book as merely a child’s tale or a Disney movie. As both were adopted from the book, many of the ideas were not. I have my own feelings and opinions of this book. Remarkable use of words and an originally creative theme and plot structure are both used in this book. The author of this novel used many hidden meanings, symbolism, and ambiguous terms to greatly describe the actual nature of the story. Many people have different views as to the type of book it is and the novel’s actual meaning. Although this book inspires many people to laugh, it also inspires them think.†¦show more content†¦The Turtle is sad, so Alice and the Gryphon sing for it. Trial started when Alice was dragged in. The trial is for the Jack of Hearts is accused of stealing the Queen’s tarts. Judge of the trial is the King, with some animals as the jury and the White Rabbit as the court herald. The Mad Hatter is called as a witness and Alice starts to grow in her seat. When she gets up, she knocks the jury off the box and has to put them back in. When the King and Queen try to condemn the Jack, Alice yells at them. Then The King and Queen are very rude to Alice until she loses her temper. She yells at the cards and gets into a fight with them. Suddenly, they all leap on her. Alice then finds herself lying on the riverbank with her sister helping her. Her sister is told all about Alice’s dream and then Alice has some tea. She thinks about weather she will remember her adventures when she grows older and has her own children. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This book, in my opinion, uses many examples of symbolism and ambiguous terms and comments. It also has some great themes. Expressed examples of this are found throughout the novel. I think that this novel may have been influenced by the use of opium. In the author’s time, opium was habitually used in 5 out of 6 families. The caterpillar smoking was probably alluding to the use of opium. Also, the caterpillar talking about the mushroom would do to Alice if she ateShow MoreRelatedAlice Of Wonderland By Alice Walker1159 Words   |  5 Pages†¢ Alice is the main character in Alice in wonderland because she is the first character mentioned in the play and the story is named after her. Alice is also a shy girl â€Å" Alice very quietly wandered away and sat down under a tree†pg2 †¢ Alice in wonderland takes place during summer in a magical place called wonderland. I know this because the play is called Alice in wonderland. â€Å"One warm and quiet summer afternoon, a little girl named Alice was in her garden†Read More Reflective Essay: Alice in Wonderland1521 Words   |  7 PagesThere and back again with Alice I gasp my hands on my knees, bent over, out of breath. I can feel my lungs compressing and pushing hard against my chest in an effort to fit just a little more air. My palms are wet, beads of sweat trickle down my forehead, making my hair feel wet and sticky. My shirt is drenched in sweat. I stare at the ground and see the stalks of grass, standing tall like trees to the tiny ants that scurry among them. What I must look like to those minuscule creatures, like a giantRead MoreAlice in Wonderland Literary Analysis Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesAlice In Wonderland Literary Analysis Many themes are explored when reading Lewis Carrol’s, Alice in Wonderland. Themes of childhood innocence, child abuse, dream, and others. Reading the story, it was quite clear to see one particular theme portrayed through out the book: child to adult progression. Alice in Wonderland is full of experiences that lead Alice to becoming more of herself and that help her grow up. It’s a story of trial, confusion, understanding, and success. And more confusion. ThoughRead MoreAlice s Journey Through Wonderland958 Words   |  4 Pages Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland is fundamentally about the growth of the character of Alice. In the Victorian period 1837- 1901, there was a changes in children education and reflexively development of children literature. Therefore when writing Lewis Carroll attempts to put forth a form of education within the text. The story follows Alice who is a seven year old well-mannered victorian girl that stumbles through a rabbit hole into th e magical world of Wonderland. Alice takes on the role of theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Mad Hatter In Alice In Wonderland1576 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: In Disney’s Alice in Wonderland, a twenty-year-old girl named Alice Kingsley experiences very strange dreams ever since she was child. She dreams of a smiling cat, a white rabbit in a waist coat, a blue caterpillar and much more unusual things. At her surprise engagement party, Alice was walking in the garden when she noticed something strange. To her surprise, she saw a white rabbit in a waist coat that looked exactly like the one in her dreams. Suddenly, Alice becomes overwhelmed atRead MoreAlice s Wonderland : Carbon Copy1186 Words   |  5 PagesAlice in Wonderland Masterpiece: Carbon Copy Can a perfect Alice movie be made by only mixing and matching aspects of more than one movie? If so, how would it be accomplished? I propose that it can be done and this paper has compile information showing by finding the perfect Alice Character, sticking to the true spirit of Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland original story line, incorporating the right visual and special effects, as well as, the best animation, sound, art direction, and the bestRead MoreWhat Really Happened to Alice in Wonderland1336 Words   |  5 PagesWhat Really Happened In Wonderland... It was a bright, sunny day in the Red Queen’s rose garden when all of a sudden I heard my name being called. â€Å"WHERE IS THAT WHITE RABBIT?!† yelled the Queen. â€Å"Oh no†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I thought. I felt myself being pulled out of my hiding place from under the bushes. â€Å"There you are† the Red Queen scowled. â€Å"I need you to fetch me a girl named Alice and bring her back to me immediately† she said again. â€Å"Alice?† I managed to breathe out. â€Å"Yes† she said. â€Å"And I need her here beforeRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of The Mad Hatter In Alice In Wonderland1600 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: In Disney’s Alice in Wonderland, a twenty-year-old girl named Alice Kingsley experiences very strange dreams ever since she was a child. She dreams of a smiling cat, a white rabbit in a waistcoat, a blue caterpillar and much more unusual things. At her surprise engagement party, Alice was walking in the garden when she noticed something strange. To her surprise, she saw a white rabbit in a waistcoat that looked exactly like the one in her dreams. Suddenly, Alice becomes overwhelmed atRead MoreAlice in Wonderland889 Words   |  4 PagesIdentity Crisis Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland follows the story of young Alice trapped in the world of Wonderland after falling down through a rabbit-hole. The rabbit-hole which is filled with bookshelves, maps, and other objects foreshadows the set of rules, the ones Alice is normally accustomed to, will be defied in Wonderland. This conflict between her world and Wonderland becomes evident shortly after her arrival as evinced by chaos in â€Å"Pool of Tears† and Alice brings up the main theme of theRead MoreEssay on alice and wonderland1866 Words   |  8 Pages Finding the Child in Us All Lewis Carroll’s classic Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland has entertained not only children but adults for over one hundred years. The tale has become a treasure of philosophers, literary critics, psychoanalysts, and linguists. It also has attracted Carroll’s fellow mathematicians and logicians. There appears to be something in Alice for everyone, and there are almost a s many explanations of the work as there are commentators. It may be perhaps Carroll’s fantastical style

Management position within hospitality industry Free Essays

The most complex work in the hotel in terms of communication and of coordinating and completing working documents is done by Floor Managers. These employees often supervise others who perform service tasks directly for the guests. Floor Managers are responsible for liaising between Room Attendants on the guest floors and managers in the housekeeping office. We will write a custom essay sample on Management position within hospitality industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now Qualifications required are a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in hotel management, and work experience in hospitality industry. At the basement-level housekeeping office, Floor Managers report and monitor room status and special room requests received from other parts of the hotel. They check the computer-generated status reports for discrepancies from their visual checks of the actual rooms. If a room coded for check-out appeared occupied on the floor, they would check the Expected Departure report on the computer to see if the guest had actually checked out (Bardi 2002). Usually, the main requires are: Supervision Inventory management Quality Control Coordination of other managers and staff Shipping and receiving Documentary control (Floor Manager Position 2007). The responsibilities are: Each one supervises 15 Room Attendants and two Housemen, covering three to four floors, or 240–320 rooms. On the floors, they check the status and progress of room cleaning, inspected rooms and augmented the Room Attendants’ work. One of their duties, for example, is putting triple bed sheets and extra amenities in VIP rooms. They have to get the extra sheet, then take some of the bedding off and remake the bed. The number of VIPs they had to do beds for is never predictable, and they have to squeeze them into their regularly scheduled activities. The number of floors and rooms Floor Managers are responsible for varied, too, because of airline employee guests, who rarely checked out until after the day shift finished, and because of movement in the predicted house counts (overall room occupancies) (Powers and Barrows 2002). The Floor Managers are all in the office together at three times during the day: the beginning and end of the shift, and during the midmorning clearing and briefing meeting. These are busy, but not clearly structured times, with managers picking up special supplies, double-checking irregularities in the room status reports, answering phones. In Hilton Hotels, for instance, Floor Managers work is organized as follows: workday starts, between 7 and 8; the Floor Managers come in and prepared their own worksheets for the day; they check the 6:30 a.m. room status reports and special requests, along with the log book confirming their floor assignments;  then they go up on the floors to check the room status and supply needs with each Room Attendant, who has verified their status as soon as she/he arrives on the floor; Floor Managers then return downstairs to check and adjust room assignments against the Coordinator’s log book (Powers and Barrows 2002). For example, some rooms in the early-morning computer status report noted as vacant and clean may have become occupied in the interim. Or vacant and clean rooms may have become VIP or rush rooms, which Floor Managers would hear about in the office and have to inform the Room Attendant about. In many cases, Floor Manager’s position is called a â€Å"supervisor†. Floor Managers themselves have to identify VIP rooms and they have to spend extra time to set up the rooms, and collect and deliver the extras. The VIP rooms could not be neglected, and they are seldom blocked (assigned by Front Desk) in advance. So throughout the day, Floor Managers have to monitor upcoming VIP rooms and prepare them in time for the guests’ arrival (Powers and Barrows 2002). Work stress and pressure is a remarkable feature of this position. Very often, checking room reports against their lists, for example, is interrupted by a ringing telephone or a co-worker’s query. Most often the interruption involves a guest’s urgent request, which demanded an immediate response. People write down notes, speak on the phone to guests, page others to fill requests and relay orders to the Centralized Action Room. Several talks at once; seldom are the exchange restricted to two people (Stutts 2001). Floor Managers work primarily from photocopied forms attached to clipboards that they fill out each day as they completed their work. The worksheets serve as organizational tools, memory aids and long-term records, to be boxed and stored for a prescribed number of years. From my observations throughout the hotel, the computers stored information on sales, purchases, personnel and payroll, and guests and occupancy rather than any detailed records of daily work. And unless each Floor Manager is equipped with a hand-held computer, inputting such information would have been impractical when there is already a paper record. In the basement office, Floor Managers also check for recent special requests like rush rooms or VIPs, or they receive them as phone messages, occasionally via pager (Stutts 2001). References Bardi J.A. (2002). Hotel Front Office Management Wiley; 3 edition. Floor Manager Position (2007). Retrieved 01 July 2007, Powers T., Barrows C.W. (2002). Introduction to the Hospitality Industry. Wiley, 5 edition. Stutts A. (2001). Hotel and Lodging Management. An Introduction. Wiley. How to cite Management position within hospitality industry, Essay examples

The Book of Judges Essay Example For Students

The Book of Judges Essay The book of Judges is the sequel to Joshua. It is the seventh book of the Old Testament. It recounts stories and events from the death of the hebrew leader and prophet Joshua to the birth of the hebrew Samuel. That is roughly, from the end of the Israelite conquest of Canan in the 13th Century B.C to the begining of the monarchy in the 11 th century B. C. It tells about the hebrews from Joshuas Death to the time of Samuel. It was written in about 550 BC, on tablets named the Ras Shamra tablets. The Ras Shamra tablets where later discovered in the early 20th Century, even though the stories and acountings of the judges where already known and written. We will write a custom essay on The Book of Judges specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The book of Judges belongs to a specific historical tradition which is called the Deuteronomic history. The author of the book of Judges, was in exile in Babylonia. While in exile he was deeply concerned with foreign domination. So he wrote many of his stories on the migration of the tribe of Dan to the North and the sins of the Benjamites. The author emphasized that Israel was being influenced by foreign powers and the loss of freedom and prosperity. Recurring throughout the book is the stereotyped formula: The people of Israel did what was evil in the sight of the lord. Then after each period or subjection the author introduces another formula: But when the people of Israel cried the Lord, the Lord raised up a deliverer for the people. Through-out the book, the book of judges tells about prophets, rulers and influencial people such as: Othniel, Ehud, Shamgar, Deborah, Gideon, Tilian and Samson. There are also many more minor people. The name of the book is very deceptive, because there werent any judges at all, nor any judges notified of this book been written. The word Judges was actually a translation for the hebrew word Shofet which signifies a ruler or a great military ruler, which through out the book, influencial people such as Samson and or even Joshua are described as the Judges. The book of judges is supprisingly part of the book of prophets, because many prophets are mentioned and reported apon. The stories start with the conflict then end usually with the resolution. The resolution is often the Israelites asking for Gods forgiveness. The structure of the book of Judges is quiet complex. The introduction of the conquest of Canaan and a characterization of the period of the judges. The main body of the book consists of narratives about the judges. The book concludes withe supplements about the migration of the tribe of Dan to the North and about the sins of the Benjamites.

Relationship of the United States and Japan

Relationship of the United States and Japan The earliest contact between both countries was through merchants and explorers. Later in the mid-1800s several representatives from the U.S. traveled to Japan in order to negotiate trade agreements, including Commodore Matthew Perry in 1852 who negotiated the first trade treaty and the Convention of Kanagawa. Likewise, a Japanese delegation came to the U.S. in 1860 in hopes of strengthening diplomatic and trade relations between both countries. World War II World War II saw the countries pitted against each other after the Japanese bombed the American naval base at  Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in 1941. The war ended in 1945 after Japan suffered tremendous causalities from the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the firebombing of Tokyo. Korean War Both China and the US got involved in the Korean War in support of the North and the South respectively. This was the only time when soldiers from both countries actually fought as the U.S./U.N. forces battled Chinese soldiers upon Chinas official entrance in the war to counter American involvement. Surrender On August 14, 1945, Japan surrendered leading to an occupation by the victorious Allied forces. Upon gaining control of Japan, U.S. President Harry Truman appointed General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers in Japan. The Allied forces worked on the reconstruction of Japan, as well as consolidating political legitimacy by publicly standing on the side of Emperor Hirohito. This allowed MacArthur to work within the political system. By the end of 1945, approximately 350,000 U.S. servicemen were in Japan working on a wide variety of projects. Post War Transformation Under Allied control, Japan undertook a remarkable transformation characterized by the new constitution of Japan which emphasized democratic principles, educational and economic reform, and demilitarization which was embedded in the new Japanese constitution. As the reforms took place MacArthur gradually shifted political control over to the Japanese culminating in the 1952 Treaty of San Francisco which officially ended the occupation. This framework was the beginning of a close relationship between both countries that lasts until this day. Close Cooperation The period after the San Francisco treaty has been characterized by close cooperation between both countries, with 47,000 US military servicemen remaining in Japan by invitation of the Japanese government. Economic cooperation has also been playing a large role in the relationship with the US providing Japan with significant amounts of aid in the post-war periods as Japan became an ally in the Cold War. The partnership has resulted in the reemergence of the Japanese economy which remains one of the strongest economies in the region.

Ironic Famous Last Words

Ironic Famous Last Words Whether realized at the time they are said or only in hindsight, nearly everyone will express a word, phrase or sentence that proves the last thing he or she ever says while alive. Sometimes profound, sometimes every day, here you will find a select collection of the last words spoken by various people that appear ironic in hindsight. Note: The following quotations are organized alphabetically by the individuals last name followed by the year in which he or she died. R. Budd Dwyer (1987) Dont, dont, dont, this will hurt someone. Embroiled in a bribery scandal, Pennsylvania Treasurer Dwyer decided to commit suicide rather than resign publicly. After addressing reporters gathered at a press conference the day before a Pennsylvania court was scheduled to issue Dwyers sentence for his earlier bribery conviction, the state treasurer cut short his prepared remarks and produced a .357 caliber handgun to the astonishment of attendees. As people tried to defuse the situation and take the gun from him, Dwyer warned reporters not to approach as he placed the gun in his mouth and pulled  the trigger. Stephen Irwin (2006) Dont worry, they usually dont swim backwards. While filming a documentary near Australias Great Barrier Reef, The Crocodile Hunter encountered a stingray that defensively used its tail spine to ward off Irwin, piercing his chest. Despite the efforts of his production and boat crews to save his life, Irwin died from cardiac arrest and  excessive loss of blood. Terry Alan Kath (1978) Dont worry†¦ its not loaded. The founding member of the rock group Chicago thought the .38 caliber revolver he pointed to his head was unloaded. John F. Kennedy (1963) No, you certainly cant. Jacqueline Kennedy testified on June 5, 1964, that these were President Kennedys last words- or something to this effect- in response to the statement by Nellie Connally, the wife of Texas Governor John Connally. He remarked just before an assassins bullet struck the president: You certainly cant say that the people of Dallas havent given you a nice welcome. Vic Morrow (1982) Ive got to be crazy to do this shot. I shouldve asked for a double. During the filming of a scene for Twilight Zone: The Movie, the planned pyrotechnic explosions damaged the tail rotor of a helicopter that was part of the sequence, causing the pilot to lose control of the craft. The helicopters main rotor decapitated Morrow and a seven-year-old actor he carried in his arms and crushed a second child actor when it crashed. Charged with involuntary manslaughter, a jury ultimately acquitted the films director, John Landis, of the charges. Hector Hugh Munro, aka Saki (1916) Put that bloody cigarette out! Serving in the British Army during World War I, Saki (the pen name of British author Munro) uttered his last words on a French battlefield. A German sniper saw the lit cigarette or overheard Sakis order and shot the 43-year-old. (Incidentally, there is an interesting death-related superstition revolving around soldiers lighting cigarettes on a battlefield called Three on a Match.) Lawrence Oates (1912) I am just going outside and may be some time. Suffering from the effects of scurvy and frostbite, and fearing his maladies placed the rest of his companions at risk as they attempted to reach the South Pole for the first time in history, Oates uttered these final words according to expedition leader Robert Falcon Scotts journal. After his comrades refused his first attempt to sacrifice himself for their safety, Oates said these words as he left the groups shelter during a blizzard. Unfortunately, his heroic sacrifice did not save his companions, who died from exposure a little more than a week later. Taylor Sauer (2012) I can’t discuss this now. Driving and facebooking is not safe! Haha. While driving from Utah State University to her parents home in Idaho in January 2012, 18-year-old Sauer reportedly sent a text message every 90 seconds while behind the wheel during the four-hour trip. After sending the last message (above), her car slammed into the back of a truck at an estimated 80 miles per hour. John Sedgwick (1864) Im ashamed of you, dodging that way. They couldnt hit an elephant at this distance. The highest-ranking Union officer to die during the American Civil War, Major General Sedgwick chastised the men in his command for reacting to Confederate sharpshooter fire while placing artillery in preparation for (what is now known as) the Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse in Virginia moments before a snipers bullet ended his life. Sources:Driving and facebooking is not safe! Haha: Chilling last text sent by teenage driver seconds before she died in 80mph horror crash, March 6, 2012. Daily Mail. Retrieved March 2, 2014. dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2110646/Driving-facebooking-safe-Haha-Parents-daughters-text-predicted-fatal-mistake-seeking-change-driving-laws.html

The oil sands of Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The oil sands of Canada - Essay Example In the first part of the video, the narrator establishes the fact on the demand of oil resources for energy consumption all over the globe. From heating the home to the common city lifestyle, energy generated from the oil is arguably empirical for the contemporary world. But with higher demands and lesser oil reserves, the narrator observes, there is a need to find new ways on obtaining oil resources; and oil sand is this new way of generating oil material. In the 60 Minutes film with the title â€Å"The Alberta Oil Sands,† on the other hand, its main thesis is the growing popularity of Canada as the next country that produces oil resources to the world particularly to the United States. Moreover, the film narrator remarks that the oil companies in Athabasca provide high amount of salary to their workers in order to lure them to work for a long period of time amidst the distance and unfriendly climate condition marked in such region in Canada. And finally, in the â€Å"Dirty Oil† video documentary, the film subtly criticizes the oil sands acquired, processed, and consumed by oil companies for the reason that this oil type greatly harms the human habitat and the environment. In watching these films, the most surprising part to me was the fact that sands can be a substitute for oil. Well yes, not all sands, nevertheless, the truth remains that tar sands -- an uncommon type of sand -- can be converted into energy. There is a need, of course, to process this particular sand type through modern technologies prior to its oil conversion. I must admit that technology or its invention is no longer surprising to me. With vast array of gadgets and technological items visible in the modern world, I seem to find technology per se as something quite common. Perhaps the reason why I am surprise to know about oil in sand is because the term â€Å"oil† is widely defined in terms of liquid form. Meaning to say, the oil resource is acquired in its liquid form and is not processed extensively using sophisticated technological equipments and techniques. In the long span of my life, it has been inculcated in my brain that oil is not solid but liquid. And seeing or knowing oil in sand is very mind twisting to me. Of the three films that I agree the most -- with respect to thesis or main idea -- is the Dirty Oil video documentary. In this film, the argument is substantially taken from the environmental perspective. It is true that America and the rest of the world are addicted to oil. Nonetheless, as the documentary argues, there are consequences to the choice of utilizing oil as an energy-generating medium. The tar sands, for example, are taken into the factory for processing and conversion to usable oil. The dilemma created in this sort of process method is an environmental one: gas emission that pollutes the air. Conversely, the Dirty Oil film gives a recommendation on how to produce or create energy without necessarily destroying the nat ural ecology and environment: via wind energy among other environmental friendly energy technology. On the other hand, the AOSP and 60 Minutes films are largely framed in the organizational, economic, and political spheres. In AOSP, the narrator merely states the companies that comprise the oil project prominent in Canada. One of the rationales for pursuing this project is to provide the world with oil reserves amidst its demand for energy. Admittedly, I do not agree to this line of argument. For one, energy can be generated or created without

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operations Management - Essay Example The period from Friday to Monday was commercially feasible, with more or less exactly twice as many sightseers on Saturdays and Sundays than on Fridays or Mondays. People usually start coming before 4:00 pm, as they would like to see the milking and then leave for home. However, neither Fred was not ready to start earlier and neither were the cows. Nonetheless, generally, people are tolerant and every person gets their turn to observe the bit of high technology. The accessibility of the farm also causes a number of problems. The entire competences of the organisation are not within reach of every client. The once weekly deliveries by Gillian as well causes issues as shops and dealers are not capable to function in a ‘just in time’ manner, limiting the selling methods that can be put to use. The problems Gillian faces while making an effort to boost their productivity is huge. A few of which were recognized as, to increase the amount of dairy farm sightseers during the ye ar 2012 by 50 percent from 14800 paying farm sightseers during the year 2011 to 22200 paying farm sightseers during the year 2012.... Together with the small viewing space, lack of ice cream flavour variation as well as the insistent advertising drive of rivals the amount of business generated from every client is lesser as compared to the amount that is required. Key to business expansion is repeatedly raising sales by means of boosting the business generated from every client and increase the concentration of the business on client contact. With the intention of examining as well as suggesting alternative preferences, information on the condition of the market as well as the opposition present must initially be collected. The major crisis is evidently the amount of visitors presently being received by the dairy farm and the way this figure could be improved. â€Å"Sudden changes of previous trend hardly happen excepting entering strong new players into the region, spoiling the farm's reputation hugely and investing tremendously on the marketing for its farm shop. Moreover, in terms of Holly Farm's managing on it s farm visitors, this sudden change of the number of visitors could lead to collapses of its operations. These reasons discussed above clearly show that Gillian's demand forecast is not reliable Hence, they have to forecast in the other way† (Waters, 2002, p. 82). Other then the capacity constraints, the milking parlour has queuing issues. This case indicated that more or less 80 individuals visited the gallery from 4:00 pm to 5:00 pm on a busy day. As a result, a line is made earlier than beginning the milking parlour and is not explained the line for a moment. The queuing issue simply leads to customer discontent and could give rise to severe drop in its entire returns. Abolishment of explanatory audio tape through headphones would be useful. It is understandable that the tape

Heavy Metal in the 1980s Essay -- essays research papers

Heavy metal in the 1980’s is hard to describe. Its static style did not change much from the 1970’s, but the lyrics, image, and theatrics took a step forward. Heavy metal had a huge impact in the 1980’s and there were many successful bands. Van Halen took heavy metal to new heights. After more than two decades of playing sold-out concert halls, selling millions of albums and enduring various lineup changes and solo projects, Van Halen is recognized as one of the most resilient and successful rock bands to emerge from the 1970s and continue into the 1980’s. Eddie and Alex Van Halen were raised in Pasadena, the children of Dutch immigrants who immigrated to California in 1967. The Van Halen brothers grew up taking classical piano lessons. Eddie played guitar and Alex played the drums as teenagers. In 1974, they hooked up with David Lee Roth (vocals) and Michael Anthony (bass), while gigging around town in their band Mammoth. Within a few years, they had become one of the most popular bands on the Los Angeles scene. Fans packed L.A.'s smoky rock clubs to check out Eddie's unconventional guitar riffs and Roth's over-the-top showmanship. In 1976, Gene Simmons noticed the group at a local club and gave them a recording session, and soon after Van Halen was signed to Waner Bros. Their debut album, Van Halen, was released in 1978 and included the hit singles "Runnin' With the Devil" and a cover of the Kinks' "You Really Got Me." Eddie Van Halen took electric guitar technique to new heights with his patented two-handed tapping and pull-off effects, while Roth's tongue-in-cheek histrionics proved to be a refreshing alternative in an industry chock full of self-important rock stars. Within six months of its release, Van Halen was certified platinum. The album not only launched Van Halen's career, but it came to influence countless American rock bands during the next decade. During the next few years, Van Halen became one of the hardest working and most profitable bands in the recording industry, releasing a string of multi-platinum albums in quick succession; 1979's Van Halen II, 1980's Women and Children First, 1981's Fair Warning and 1982's Diver Down. But it was the album 1984, released on New Year's Day of that year that solidified the band's superstar status. The album contained the mega-hits "Jump," "Panama" and "H... ...rive for debut US tours to open for, respectively, Pat Travers, Judas Priest, Ted Nugent and AC/DC. In August, Def Leppard returns to the UK to play at the Reading Festival. The crowd, convinced that the band have sold out to the Yankee Dollar and turned their backs on their home country, greet them with a rain of tomatoes and beer cans. Def Leppard released many albums such as, Pyromania with the single â€Å"Photograph,† and Hysteria with singles such as "Women", "Animal", "Pour Some Sugar On Me", "Love Bites", "Armageddon It", "Hysteria" and "Rocket". Def Leppard was an English band that showed the other bands how it was done. Their career started in 1977 and continued through 2002 with the â€Å"X† tour. Heavy metal is an amazing thing that took its unique and amazing sounds to new heights. Unfortunately due to highly commercialized excess driven hair bands the genre was sent in to another decline where the music would be reabsorbed into new genres. By around 1990 most heavy metal had evolved into other rock genres like hard rock, grunge, gothic rock, gothic metal, thrash metal, speed metal, doom metal, and nu metal.

History of Marie Antoinette as a Leader Essay

  Marie Antoinette has acquired a rather bad legacy in world history. She was the Archduchess of Austria, the Queen of France, and the fifteenth child of Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria. She was also the wife of King Louis XVI, the unpopular king of France. She was also the lucrative symbol of taste, power, and notoriety. Indeed, one when servant said, â€Å"the people of Paris are rioting because they have no bread,’ Marie Antoinette replied ‘Then, they should eat cake. ’ Marie Antoinette’s Austrian origin had made her an easy target of the revolutionaries who accused the royal family of treason. Many of the king’s decision and some of the ministers were heavily influenced by the queen. One such example was the king’s decision to remove Jacques Necker as minister of finance. The libelles accused the queen of having illegitimate sexual encounters with several lovers – a violation of state and church law. These accusations reflected the image of the Crown and in general the legitimacy of the ruling dynasty. Indeed, throughout France, the queen’s name was synonymous with disgust and luxury. The queen however was a leader cloaked in notoriety. As Larry Wolff argued: Precisely the qualities that were making Marie Antoinette into an emblem of decadence for the ancient regime had been realized on the brink of the French Revolution. The queen led by notoriety and abuse, whilst the king led by example and authority. Indeed, Marie Antoinette was not only the symbol of hatred and disgust, she was in essence the manifestation of such qualities (25). As a woman, Marie Antoinette was initially a person of integrity. When Maria Antoine became the only potential bride in the family, Empress Maria Theresa was generally dismayed. Marie Antoine had a cracked smile, due perhaps to the irregularity of her teeth. The empress commissioned a French doctor to perform some painful oral surgeries. After several months, France and Austria set a large dowry for Marie Antoinette. On the 7th of May 1770, Marie Antoinette was handed to the French monarchy. Madame Antoine showed great interest in the marriage, as it was the only way to forge a powerful alliance between the two great powers. Reaction to the marriage was initially mixed. The would-be-queen was popular among the French public. Indeed, her first appearance in the French capital was considered a success. At court, Marie Antoinette was not very popular. The nobles called Marie Antoinette ‘the Austrian woman. ’ Prominent officials of the court accused the queen of attempting to bend the king to Austria’s interests. The queen was frivolous of French politics. Indeed, in a letter to Empress Maria Theresa, her mother, she said: Madame, my very dear mother, I am delighted that Lent has not damaged your health. Mine is still rather good. The same can be said of my husband and the public. I am very grateful that the French people have accepted me as their queen. My joy is politics. Politics is what drives the kingdom into excitement and prejudice (32). Marie Antoinette’s relationship with the mistress of Louis VX was not very good. The mistress, Madame du Barry influenced the king to remove duc de Choiseul from power. Marie Antoinette spoke to Madame du Barry to resolve the crisis. After their conversation, the mistress was satisfied and the crisis over. The king, Louis XV, was pleased with Marie Antoinette. The influence of the Dauphine increased dramatically after the crisis. Marie Antoinette’s anxiety forced her to spend more on fashion and gambling. She spent mindlessly on clothing, special trips, shoes, and perfumes. She also developed intimate friendships with the ladies of the court. The princess de Lamballe became the Superintendent of the Household; the duchesse de Polignac became the Governess of the royal children; the comtesse de Provence became the teacher of the royal children. On the 27th of April 1774, the king fell ill. Marie Antoinette pressured the king to send his mistress away from Versailles. On the 10th of May, the king died of smallpox. The Dauphin was crowned King Louis XVI of France at Rheims. Marie Antoinette, unfortunately, was not crowned queen. Marie Antoinette became more and more desperate after the comtesse d’Artois gave birth to a son. The queen plunged into a spending spree – buying clothes from prominent dressmakers from Paris and gambling. The queen also attracted admirers from the king’s court. Louis XVI gave Marie Antoinette a duty. She was given responsibility to renovate the Petit Trianon. She ordered the construction of an elaborate garden with an arboretum of exotic species. Madame de Pompadour became one of the queen’s closest friends. With the consent of the king, the queen instituted several changes in the court. The queen abolished segregated dining spaces in the court and abandoned heavy make-up and widehooped panniers. The queen also participated in plays and musicals. She was very fond of acting and singing. She also started to influence the appointment of officials in the state. The Marquis de Castries and the Comte de Segur became minister of the navy and minister of war respectively. Unknown to many, their appointments were approved by Jacques Necker, the finance minister. On the 29th of November 1780, Empress Maria Theresa, the queen’s mother, died. Marie Antoinette was worried that the death of her mother would destroy the Franco-Austrian alliance. She sent a letter to Emperor Joseph to request an assurance that Austria had no intention of leaving the alliance. The success of Marie Antoinette’s correspondence saved the country from embarrassment. The king rewarded her with precious items for her services to the French nation. She soon gave birth to a male heir – the Dauphin. However, after the death of her mother, Marie Antoinette was semi-retired from politics. The king shelved the queen from the affairs of the court. Indeed, the king rarely talked to the queen about official policy. As a mother, Marie Antoinette devoted so much time for the royal children. She would tirelessly look after her children and even the children of her courtiers. The queen also read famous historical novels as well as Rousseau’s political philosophy. The queen developed an appetite for leaning the English language. On the 27th of March 1785, the queen gave birth to a second son. There were, of course, suspicions of infidelity. The image of a conspicuous, hard-headed, and spendthrift queen was becoming a public expression. A second daughter was born two years later. According to Wolff and Hubert, Marie Antoinette was a concocted image of power (92). She was the power behind the throne, not in its classic sense. Her actions were beyond the reprove of the king. Indeed, her actions proved detrimental to the king’s position. She also played one minister against another in an attempt to strengthen her own position. It is not a classic expression of power play, but a magnified reaffirmation of the queen’s uncertain position. The queen, above all, was never deterred by the intensity of French politics. She was politically independent. An example of such instance was her management of the Trianon. According to Sheriff: From the moment she was in possession of the petit Trianon, it was spread about in some societies that she had changed the name of the pleasure pavilion that the king had just given her and had substituted that of little Vienna or little Schonbrunn. A man of court, simple enough to believe the rumor and desiring to enter into her society at the petit Trianon wrote to M. Campan to ask permission of the queen. He had in his letter called Trianon little Vienna (61). During the French Revolution, the queen’s extraordinary qualities as a ‘born’ politician and power player began to emerge gradually. She sent letters to the German and Austrian monarchs to restore Louis XVI to the throne. She also sent correspondence to the British prime minister, enumerating the dangers of the Revolution. From time to time, she was actively involved in conspiracy. When she was about to be beheaded, she remarked with haste ‘Long Live the Bourbon dynasty. From a historical perspective, Marie Antoinette was an effective leader in its classic sense. Her power plays were not without purpose. Indeed, her influence was based on pure politics and charisma. Works Cited Sheriff, Mary. ‘Portrait of a Queen. ’ Marie Antoinette: Writings on the body of a Queen. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2008. Wolff, Larry. ‘Hapsburg Letters. ’ Marie Antoinette: Writings on the body of a Queen. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2008. Wolff, L and G. Hubert. The Monarchy in Flames. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Jewish Culture and Jewish Americans - 1400 Words

Jewish Culture Paper â€Å"When I was a little girl my family moved to Tallahassee, Florida. We were the only Jewish family in the neighborhood. So as most kids do when they move to a new neighborhood, they tend to try and make new friends. I remember going over to one of my new friend’s house and her mother felt my scalp for horns† Julianne Jacques MCC-Penn Valley Counselor. Jewish Americans learn from a young age about the importance of knowing their history. Knowing the history is for the sake of the future of their past. Jewish Americans represent a group of people rather than a race or ethnicity, with strong family values and beliefs. They are simply claiming five thousand years of their history. During the early 20th century many†¦show more content†¦However there are permissible foods and impermissible foods that are allowed by the Jewish Law. The Kashrut is a way for Jews to know what kosher foods are. Which is how they stay healthy and which are non-kosher or Trefa foods which will make you ill and unhealthy. The Kosher food include fruits, vegetables, grains, meats from cows, goats, salmon, herring and perch they can also eat chicken, turkey, and duck as well as milk and eggs. The non-kosher or forbidden foods would include pigs, rabbits, horses, and birds that prey like an eagle. It is also important to keep all meat and milk separate and to not cook them together but in same pans. There are six Jewish holidays. Which are the Jewish New Year or Rosh Hashanah, Hanukkah, Purim, the Passover, the Shavout, and the Sukkot. According to Julianne Jacques during Hanukkah as a child her family would sing the Jewish Version of the twelve days of Christmas. She didnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t sing it for me but she told me that it goes like this â€Å"10 are the Commandments 9 are the festivals, 8 are the lights of Han, 7 days of the week, 6 days of creation, 5 books of Moses, 4 mothers of Israel, 3 Patriarchs, 2 tables of covenant and 1 God.† Jewish Americans celebrate all of these holidays with pride of their heritage. According to the National Foundation of the Jewish Genetic disease there are seven that all Jews should be aware of. The first is called the Blood syndrome, which is a disease causing shortness inShow MoreRelatedThe Sixties By David Kaufman1563 Words   |  7 Pages Jewhooing the Sixties by David Kaufman is a book that examines the Jewish identity of the Jewish people as a whole based on the Jewish celebrities in America and their effect on popular culture, mainly during the first half of the 1960s. During this time, it was very common for people and especially for Jews to follow the habit of citing Jewish celebrities to which Kaufman refers to the name as â€Å"Jewhooing†. This action of jewhooing according to Kaufman â€Å"points to a deeper relationship between JewsRead MoreThe Jewish Culture : An Interesting Combination Of Birth Right And Religion955 Words   |  4 PagesThe Jewish culture is an interesting combination of birth right and religion (Namburg, 2007). One c an either be born in to Judaism or can convert (Namburg, 2007). Due to the relationship between culture, ethnicity, and religion, there is diversity within Judaism (Namburg, 2007). There are over 6 million Jews currently living in the United States and its territories (Namburg, 2007). The three cornerstones to the Jewish faith are: G-d, the Torah, and Israel (Namburg, 2007). â€Å"G-d† represents the monotheisticRead MoreTraditions and Customs of The Jewish Culture Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many different cultures that surround us everyday; each one with its own unique customs and lifestyles. The Jewish culture contains some of the oldest traditions and customs that date back thousands of years. This culture has survived everything from exile to almost being diminished during the Holocaust. The Jewish culture has a unique culture, that has much to share with the world around them. Unlike some cultures, the Jewish are very open to others. Their general attitude is that theyRead MoreAmerican Jewish History Essay835 Words   |  4 Pageshistoriography; American Jewish history is one form to study about the past of the American Jews. Jacob Rader Marcus and Hasia R. Diner are two historians who broke down American Jewish historiography according to their point of views. In â€Å"The Periodization of American Jewish History,† Marcus focuses on four periods of American Jewish history. On the other hand, in â€Å"The Study of American Jewish History: in the Academy, in the Community,† Diner discusses many dates celebrate and urge the study of American JewishRead MoreImmigration and Popular Culture1126 Words   |  5 PagesImmigration and American Popular Culture All of the different ethnic groups that migrated from their homeland to the United States left some kind of mark on American popular culture. The European immigrants during the 1930s created a very large splash in the public eye through the use of cinema. In addition, the Jamaican immigrants in South Bronx during the 1970s made a name for themselves by introducing a form of music called rap. In this paper, I will be analyzing and comparing the similaritiesRead MoreThe Role of Judaism in Family Relationships: Article Analysis1235 Words   |  5 PagesJudaism in Family Relationships, because Judaism plays an important role in a Jewish persons identity, Judaism should be incorporated into family-based therapy. Judaism itself is more than just a persons religious beliefs, it is also part of a Jewish persons ethnicity and culture as well. And because Judaism plays an important role in family life, a Jewish family is often influenced in its beliefs and actions by Jewish tradition, literat ure, and history. This influence cannot be ignored when itRead MoreThe History and Culture of Black Jews in America Essay1178 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the broadest definition, there are approximately 9 million Jewish adults in America. Of those, 5.3 million are Jewish because they practice the Jewish religion or who have a Jewish parent and consider themselves Jewish. Non-hispanic blacks make up 2% of that population. (A Portrait of Jewish Americans) Blacks constitute such a small percentage of the Jewish population that they are often considered to be obviously â€Å"not Jewish†. This was the experience of Rabbi Shlomo ben Levy.In an articleRead MoreQweqweqwe111052 Words   |  5 PagesTrue/False T F 1. After the arrival of postwar refugees in the 1940s, Jewish migration increased to record numbers between 1940 and 1969. T F 2. Most of the 17th century Jewish immigrants were small farmers from Germany and Poland. T F 3. Declining economic conditions in central Europe contributed to a dramatic increase in Jewish immigration to the U.S. after 1820. T F 4. During the 1920s and 1930s millions of Jews entered the U.S. fleeingRead MoreCultural Appropriation in Advertising, Governments and Fashion1571 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION 1. CHAPTER 1: Cultural ownership- taboo. 2. CHAPTER 2: Freedom, Liberty and war inside a government. 3. CHAPTER 3: Native American for just a day. 4. CONCLUSION 5. LIST OF SOURCES 6. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE: Page Fig. 1. Howard Zieff, You don’t have to be Jewish to love Levy’s (1967). Print, Advertising campaign. (Illustration: Available at: www.posterplease.com/posterblog /wp-content/uploads/2009/03/277.jpg)Read MoreRecognition Of Identity : American Culture1586 Words   |  7 PagesRecognition of Identity in American Culture Where are you come from? Where is your family? Questions like this can be sensitive, paradoxical and intimate to people’s identity and their social locations. In America, we come from variety of cultural backgrounds and consist of different types of community based on religion. Being an American could be Jewish, Christian, Italian, gay or firefighter. Therefore, finding your position is not easy while balancing all other factors among your community. Factors